The Eastern Snake-necked Turtle (Chelodina longicollis) and the Murray Short-necked Turtle (Emydura macquarii) are two freshwater turtle species native to Australia. These semi-aquatic reptiles can live for decades when properly cared for. Known for their unique appearance and curious nature, Snake-necks have long, flexible necks used for striking prey, while Murray Short-necks are powerful swimmers with broad, rounded shells. Both species require a specialised setup that includes clean, heated water, UVB lighting, a dry basking area, and a nutritious, varied diet. They are best suited to keepers with some prior experience with aquatics and a commitment to long-term care. This guide will help you understand their needs and how to create a safe, healthy environment where your turtle can thrive.

Basic Information

The Eastern Snake-necked Turtle (Chelodina longicollis) and the Murray Short-necked Turtle (Emydura macquarii) are two native Australian freshwater turtle species commonly kept as pets in New South Wales. These turtles are semi-aquatic, meaning they spend most of their time in the water but also need access to a dry area where they can bask under a heat lamp. Both turtles grow to a shell length of around 20–35 cm, with males usually being smaller than females. They have very different appearances: Snake-necked Turtles are known for their long, snake-like necks, while Murray Short-necks have shorter, thicker necks and a more streamlined body. These turtles have a long lifespan of 30 to 50 years, so keeping one is a long-term commitment. They require consistent care, especially clean water, heating, lighting, and a proper diet. Because of this, they are considered intermediate-level pets. They’re a great option for someone who has kept fish, reptiles, or amphibians before and is ready to take on more responsibility. Both species are active during the day (diurnal) and can become interactive with their owners, especially at feeding time. With the right setup and regular care, they make fascinating and rewarding pets.

Essential Supplies

Carry Enclosure

A sturdy, escape proof and well-ventilated carry enclosure is mandatory for all repltiles leaving Birdsville. Carry enclosures are essential for any reptile transportation.

Enclosure

Turtles require a secure aquatic enclosure that provides sufficient swimming space, water depth, and access to a dry basking area typically 300L with dimentions of 120 cm L × 50 cm W × 50 cm H and a water depth of at least 30–40 cm, sufficient for the turtle to swim and turn freely. Glass aquariums, stock tanks, custom turtle enclosures, or outdoor ponds may be suitable depending on the turtle’s size, species, and keeper’s ability to maintain water quality. Adult turtles require substantially more space than juveniles, with larger enclosures always being preferable to allow swimming, exercise, and natural behaviours.

Filtration System

A high-quality filtration system is essential as turtles produce significant waste compared with fish. A powerful external canister filter or suitable aquatic filtration system should be used to maintain clean water conditions. Regular maintenance of filter media and monitoring of water quality helps reduce the risk of illness.

Water Heater

A thermostatically controlled aquarium heater may be required to maintain stable water temperatures, particularly for indoor setups. Water temperature should generally remain around 22–26°C depending on species, age, and environmental conditions. Sudden temperature fluctuations should be avoided.

UVB Lighting

UVB lighting is an important part of indoor turtle husbandry as it supports vitamin D3 production, calcium metabolism, and healthy shell and bone development. Provide a suitable reptile UVB light positioned over the basking area and replace bulbs according to manufacturer recommendations, as UV output decreases over time.

Basking Heat Lamp

A basking area must be provided so turtles can leave the water and thermoregulate. The basking surface should generally reach approximately 30–35°C and allow the turtle to completely dry its shell.

Basking Platform

Provide a stable, easily accessible dry area where the turtle can climb completely out of the water. Platforms must be secure, non-toxic, and large enough for the turtle to rest comfortably.

Water Conditioners and Testing Equipment

Water quality should be monitored regularly. Testing for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and pH can help identify problems before they affect turtle health. Use appropriate water treatments when required to remove chlorine and chloramines from tap water.

Feeding Equipment

Feeding tongs, containers, and storage equipment can assist with safe feeding practices and maintaining hygiene. All feeding equipment should be cleaned regularly and kept separate from household items.

Housing

They are primarily aquatic and require a generously sized, well-maintained aquatic environment. A single adult requires a minimum aquarium of 120 cm L × 50 cm W × 50 cm H, approximately 300L, with a water depth of at least 30–40 cm, sufficient for the turtle to swim and turn freely. Freshwater turtles require an aquatic enclosure that allows swimming, exploration, resting, and basking. The enclosure should provide, adequate swimming depth, a secure dry basking areas, a strong filtration, safe access points, protection from escape and predators Outdoor ponds may be suitable for adult turtles when properly designed, including secure barriers, predator protection, appropriate depth, and suitable environmental conditions. Tip: If your turtle is frequently restricted in movement or unable to swim naturally, the enclosure may be too small and should be upgraded.

Environment

Maintaining stable environmental conditions is essential for turtle health. Water temperatures should generally remain around 22–26°C, with a basking area approximately 30–35°C via a basking heat light as well as a UVB lamp. This area should occupy approximately 25% of the surface area of the tank to ensure adequite space for basking. A suitable UVB light should be provided for indoor enclosures, alongside a consistent day/night cycle. Clean water is one of the most important aspects of turtle care. Regular water changes, effective filtration, and removal of waste help prevent bacterial and fungal problems.Small water changes should occur weekly as well as regular water testing.

Diet & Feeding

Eastern Snake-necked Turtles and Murray Short-necked Turtles are omnivorous, requiring a varied diet containing both animal and plant-based foods. Suitable foods include, high quality aquatic turtle pellets, insects, fish or aquatic prey items, shrimp or prawns occasionally and leafy greens and aquatic plants Eastern Snake-necked Turtles generally consume a higher proportion of animal-based foods, while Murray Short-necked Turtles often accept more plant matter as they mature. Juveniles generally require more frequent feeding, while adults require less frequent meals to prevent obesity. Avoid feeding excessive amounts of high-fat foods or relying on a single food source.

Do’s

Duckweed, elodea, ribbonweed, leafy vegetables including, kale, spinach, collard greens, endive, zucchini, carrot, pumpkin, and small pieces of apple.

Don’ts

Avocado, onions, citrus fruits, and iceberg lettuce.

Behaviour & Handling

Freshwater turtles are active, curious animals but generally do not enjoy frequent handling. Handling should be limited to necessary situations such as health checks, enclosure maintenance, or transport. Always support the turtle’s body securely and avoid dropping or turning turtles upside down unnecessarily. Eastern Snake-necked Turtles may release a strong-smelling musk when stressed. This is a natural defence behaviour and does not indicate illness. Providing opportunities for exploration, swimming, basking, and natural foraging behaviours supports good welfare.

Common Health Concerns

Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD)

Metabolic Bone Disease occurs when turtles do not receive adequate calcium, vitamin D3, or UVB exposure. Signs may include soft or deformed shells, weakness, difficulty moving, or abnormal growth. Prevention includes providing appropriate UVB lighting, calcium sources, and a balanced diet. You can prevent MBD by offering calcium supplements (like cuttlebone or powder), and by using a UVB light over the basking area every day.

Shell Rot

Shell rot is a bacterial or fungal infection that causes soft, discoloured, or smelly patches on the turtle’s shell. It’s usually caused by poor water quality, lack of a dry basking area, or injuries to the shell that become infected. Turtles need clean water and time to dry out daily to avoid this. Prevent it by using a strong filter, doing regular water changes, and keeping the basking area warm and dry.

Respiratory Infections

Turtles can catch respiratory infections if their water or basking area is too cold. Signs include difficulty swimming, wheezing, open-mouth breathing, a nasal discharge, or the turtle floating unevenly in the water. These infections can be serious, so it’s important to keep the tank at the right temperature using a heater and heat lamp.

Vitamin A Deficiency

A lack of vitamin A in the diet can cause turtles to have swollen, puffy eyes, trouble seeing, and low energy (lethargy). This condition usually happens when turtles are fed only one type of food, like cheap pellets, without fresh vegetables or protein variety. Prevent it by feeding a balanced diet that includes dark leafy greens, live or frozen protein, and high-quality turtle pellets.

Parasites or Fungal Infections

Turtles can get parasites (like worms) or fungal infections (which appear as white fuzzy patches on the skin or shell). Parasites and fungal infections may occur due to poor water quality, stress, or exposure to infected animals. Signs include unusual skin patches, weight loss, reduced appetite, or abnormal behaviour. Quarantine of new turtles and good hygiene practices reduce risk. Good hygiene, clean water, and quarantine of new turtles can prevent these issues. If you see unusual growths, changes in skin, or weight loss, consult a reptile vet.

Obesity

Overfeeding can lead to obesity. Signs include fat bulging around the legs and neck, or difficulty moving or retracting into the shell. Provide space for swimming and exercise to keep them active and healthy. Overfeeding can cause obesity, affecting movement, swimming ability, and overall health. Monitor body condition and adjust feeding amounts based on age, size, and activity level.

Red Flags in Turtle Health

Loss of appetite
Lethargy
Soft/rubbery shell
Discolouration
Spots on shell/skin
Floating/inability to submerge

Health, Hygiene & Safety

Wash hands before and after handling turtles or cleaning their enclosure. Freshwater turtles can carry bacteria such as Salmonella, so good hygiene practices are essential, especially around children and vulnerable individuals. Regularly clean filters, remove waste, maintain water quality, and disinfect equipment appropriately.

Record Keeping

It’s important to keep a log of:

Feeding schedule
Food types offered
Water changes
Filter maintenance
UVB bulb replacement dates
Weight and growth
Health concerns
Veterinary visits

Keeping a record log of your turtle’s health is important because it helps you track changes over time, catch early signs of illness, and provide accurate information to a vet if needed. Turtles often hide symptoms until a problem becomes serious, so keeping notes on their eating habits, weight, shell condition, behaviour, and any unusual changes can help you notice subtle issues sooner.

Holiday Care

For short absences, automatic lighting systems and reliable filtration can assist with maintaining the enclosure. For longer periods away, arrange a knowledgeable reptile carer who can monitor, water quality, equipment operation (filters, heaters etc.), feeding requirements and the turtles’ behaviour. It’s important to provide written instructions and emergency contact details of someone .

Transportation

Transport turtles in a secure, ventilated container lined with damp paper towel or a suitable moist material. Avoid transporting turtles in water, as spills and temperature changes can create risks. Keep transport containers away from direct sunlight, extreme temperatures, and unnecessary disturbance.

Compatibility with Other Animals

Freshwater turtles are best housed individually unless kept in a suitably large, carefully managed enclosure. Housing multiple turtles together can lead to competition, aggression, stress, or injury. Turtles should not be housed with fish, amphibians, or other aquatic animals unless compatibility and welfare can be confidently maintained. Interactions with cats, dogs, and other household pets should be prevented as they may injure or stress the turtle.

Licensing

A Native Animal Keeper Licence is required to own Eastern snake-necked or the Murray short-necked turtle in NSW and must be obtained through Service NSW prior to purchase. All reptiles must be captive-bred and sourced from licensed breeders or registered pet stores. Wild collection and release of captive reptiles is illegal. Keepers must comply with the NSW Code of Practice for the Private Keeping of Reptiles, including housing, welfare and record-keeping requirements.